{"id":816,"date":"2022-05-10T11:46:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-10T09:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/?p=816"},"modified":"2022-05-20T09:31:38","modified_gmt":"2022-05-20T07:31:38","slug":"robotika-ano-ci-ne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/?p=816","title":{"rendered":"Robotika ANO, \u010di NE?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Po\u010d\u00ednaje 1.9.2021 je v platnosti revidovan\u00fd r\u00e1mcov\u00fd vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed program pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci tohoto revidovan\u00e9ho dokumentu byl zru\u0161en dosavadn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed obor Informatika a v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed technika a vznikl nov\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt Informatika<\/strong> a k tomu nav\u00edc nov\u00e1 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 kompetence \u2013 Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed kompetence<\/strong>. Tzv. \u201enov\u00e1\u201c informatika m\u00e1 zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd obsah ne\u017e ta p\u016fvodn\u00ed v nerevidovan\u00e9m RVP ZV. Hlavn\u00edmi c\u00edli \u201enov\u00e9\u201c informatiky je rozvoj informatick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed, pochopen\u00ed zp\u016fsob\u016f \u010dinnosti \u0159ady tzv. chytr\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed techniky kolem n\u00e1s a z\u00e1klady pr\u00e1ce s daty a informacemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jednou ze \u010dty\u0159 hlavn\u00edch vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch oblast\u00ed \u201enov\u00e9\u201c informatiky je algoritmizace a programov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>. \u017d\u00e1ci v t\u00e9to oblasti pozn\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby tvorby program\u016f (= n\u00e1vod\u016f \u010dinnosti) pro \u0159adu tzv. chytr\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o simul\u00e1tor tzv. chytr\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u2013 programovac\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed blokov\u00e9ho jazyka Scratch. V tomto prost\u0159ed\u00ed se \u017e\u00e1ci seznamuj\u00ed se z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi program\u00e1torsk\u00fdmi konstrukcemi \u2013 sekvencemi, cykly, podm\u00ednkami a procedurami. V\u00fdukov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 odbornou skupinou  p\u0159i J\u010cU \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice pod veden\u00edm docenta Van\u00ed\u010dka odvedla obrovsk\u00fd kus mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vyda\u0159en\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce a vyu\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm je k dispozici perfektn\u011b zpracovan\u00e1 u\u010debnice v\u010detn\u011b metodiky v\u00fduky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Praktickou realizac\u00ed dovednost\u00ed z\u00edskan\u00fdch v prost\u0159ed\u00ed Scratch je pak za\u0159azen\u00ed prvk\u016f robotiky<\/strong>. Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o nadstandard a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fduky algoritmizace a programov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o v\u00fduku pro \u017e\u00e1ky mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b zaj\u00edmavou a motivuj\u00edc\u00ed, \u010dasov\u011b a finan\u010dn\u011b v\u0161ak pro \u0161koly naopak mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b n\u00e1kladnou. Z toho d\u016fvodu je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed se d\u016fkladn\u011b sezn\u00e1mit s obsahem cel\u00e9 v\u00fduky \u201enov\u00e9\u201c informatiky a v sou\u010dasnosti pom\u011brn\u011b hodn\u011b \u0161irokou nab\u00eddkou r\u016fzn\u00fdch robotick\u00fdch pom\u016fcek a nal\u00e9zt odpov\u011bdi na n\u011bkolik z\u00e1sadn\u00edch ot\u00e1zek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010casov\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnost v\u00fduky robotiky <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Jak ji\u017e je uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, je za\u0159azen\u00ed prvk\u016f v\u00fduky robotiky nadstandardem<\/strong>, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl b\u00fdt za\u0159azen a\u017e po d\u016fkladn\u00e9m zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed z\u00e1klad\u016f v\u00fduky algoritmizace a programov\u00e1n\u00ed v jednotliv\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edc\u00edch. Robotika se m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t doslova \u201e\u017eroutem\u201c \u010dasu a pokud m\u00e1 investice do po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed robotick\u00fdch pom\u016fcek m\u00edt opodstatn\u011bn\u00ed, je nutn\u00e9 tuto formu v\u00fduky za\u0159adit v ka\u017ed\u00e9m ro\u010dn\u00edku alespo\u0148 na p\u00e1r hodin (cca. max. 6 vyu\u010dovac\u00edch hodin). Je nutn\u00e9 br\u00e1t v \u00favahu, \u017ee je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed odu\u010dit nejen Scratch a robotiku, ale tak\u00e9 ostatn\u00ed oblasti v\u00fduky informatiky. Nejen je \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm uk\u00e1zat, ale tak\u00e9 pro zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed dan\u00e9ho u\u010diva tak\u00e9 n\u00e1le\u017eit\u011b procvi\u010dit a n\u00e1sledn\u011b ob\u010das tak\u00e9 za\u0159adit n\u011bjak\u00e9 klasifikovan\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 v\u011bku a schopnostem \u017e\u00e1ka, jako\u017e i n\u00e1ro\u010dnosti u\u010diva. \u010casov\u011b mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 jsou pak r\u016fzn\u00e9 robotick\u00e9 stavebnice, pro jejich\u017e rozumn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed je pak \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed v n\u011bkter\u00e9m ro\u010dn\u00edku nav\u00fd\u0161it hodinovou dotaci p\u0159edm\u011btu (viz vzorov\u00e9 \u0160VP na webu imyslen\u00ed.cz<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metodick\u00e1 podpora v\u00fduky dan\u00e9 robotick\u00e9 pom\u016fcky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed robotick\u00e9 u\u010debn\u00ed je pro\nu\u010ditele informatiky dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159ipraven\u00fdch u\u010debn\u00edch a metodick\u00fdch\nmateri\u00e1l\u016f. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee pro v\u011bt\u0161inu vyu\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch informatiky je\npr\u00e1v\u011b oblast algoritmizace a programov\u00e1n\u00ed tou nejobt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (nejsou to aprobovan\u00ed\nu\u010ditel\u00e9 informatiky a  \u010dasto sami nemaj\u00ed\ndostate\u010dn\u011b rozvinut\u00e9 informatick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed), je doslova nutn\u00fdm p\u0159edpokladem\ndostupnost metodick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. V tomto sm\u011bru jsou na tom nejl\u00e9pe LEGO,\nVEX, micro:bit, Ozobot a Beebot, kter\u00e9 nav\u00edc maj\u00ed i rozvinutou vlastn\u00ed\nspolupracuj\u00edc\u00ed komunitu vyu\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch. Bohu\u017eel ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed u\u010debn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly\nk LEGU jsou moment\u00e1ln\u011b vzhledem k ukon\u010den\u00ed v\u00fdroby n\u011bkter\u00fdch model\u016f ne\nzcela jednodu\u0161e pou\u017eiteln\u00e9. Nedostupn\u00e9 jsou v sou\u010dasnosti Ozoboty, naopak\nvznik\u00e1 \u0159ada zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f k robot\u016fm VEX 123. Velmi dobr\u00e1 je\ndostupnost k materi\u00e1l\u016fm pro roboty Beebot, BlueBot a ProBot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po\u017eadavky na vybavenost<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e1 robotick\u00e1 u\u010debn\u00ed pom\u016fcka je jinak vybaven\u00e1 po str\u00e1nce hardwarov\u00e9 i softwarov\u00e9. Z hlediska ovl\u00e1dac\u00edch prvk\u016f se daj\u00ed rozli\u0161it na roboty s ovl\u00e1dac\u00edmi prvky na t\u011ble (BeeBot, BlueBot, VEX 123 a dal\u0161\u00ed) nebo ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Bluetooth \u010di programovac\u00edm jazykem (LEGO, VEX GO, micro:bit). Vy\u017eadovan\u00e1 by m\u011bla tak\u00e9 b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u00e1 vybavenost dopl\u0148kov\u00fdmi \u010didly, nap\u0159. optick\u00fdmi senzory, teplotn\u00edmi \u010didly, gyroskopem atd. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b softwarov\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed je mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vhodn\u00e1 existence blokov\u00e9ho programovac\u00edho jazyka typ Scratch nebo MakeBlock. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b volby pohybliv\u00fdch robot\u016f lze doporu\u010dit prov\u00e9st test p\u0159esnosti \u2013 naprogramov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dtverce (opakuj 4x pohyb + vpravovbok<\/em>) \u2013 pokud se robot nevr\u00e1t\u00ed v podstat\u011b do v\u00fdchoz\u00edho bodu, je pom\u016fcka pro programov\u00e1n\u00ed pohybov\u00fdch aktivit prakticky nepou\u017eiteln\u00e1 (velmi dob\u0159e ten tento test zvl\u00e1daj\u00ed Beebot, Bluebot a VEX 123). Pracn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti r\u016fzn\u00e9ho kalibrov\u00e1n\u00ed krokov\u00fdch mot\u016frk\u016f je pro v\u011bt\u0161inu vyu\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch neakceptovateln\u00fdm technick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Univerz\u00e1lnost vyu\u017eit\u00ed robotick\u00e9 pom\u016fcky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vzhledem k n\u00e1kladnosti po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny robotick\u00fdch u\u010debn\u00edch pom\u016fcek je velmi vhodn\u00e9 a \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed zamyslet se nad univerz\u00e1ln\u00edm vyu\u017eit\u00edm robota. T\u00edm se mysl\u00ed vyu\u017eitelnost p\u0159i v\u00fduce na 1. i 2. stupni Z\u0160. N\u011bkter\u00e9 robotick\u00e9 pom\u016fcky jsou vhodn\u00e9 pouze pro 1. stupe\u0148 (BeeBot, BlueBot, atd.) a jin\u00e9 zase pouze pro 2. stupe\u0148 (LEGO Mindstrom, VEX IQ, atd.) Optim\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm je vyu\u017eit\u00ed takov\u00fdch robot\u016f, kter\u00e9 lze nasadit na obou stupn\u00edch (nejl\u00e9pe to moment\u00e1ln\u011b nab\u00edz\u00ed VEX 123 a s drobn\u00fdmi v\u00fdhradami micro:bit). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1klady<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e1le je tak\u00e9 nutn\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017eit n\u00e1klady pro po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed robotick\u00fdch pom\u016fcek. Pokud \u0161kola po\u017eaduje \u201ehodn\u011b muziky za m\u00e1lo pen\u011bz\u201c, tak je jednozna\u010dn\u011b nejlep\u0161\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm po\u0159\u00eddit n\u011bkolik sad micro:bitu<\/em>. N\u00e1klady se pohybuj\u00ed pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed zhruba na 500,- K\u010d za kus, za sadu 30 ks pro celou t\u0159\u00eddu se u jin\u00fdch robot\u016f zpravidla nepo\u0159\u00edd\u00ed ani jedna z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koln\u00ed sada. Nepopiratelnou v\u00fdhodou je modul\u00e1rnost micro:bitu, ke kter\u00e9mu lze dokupovat r\u016fzn\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u010detn\u011b stavebnic. Obl\u00edben\u00e9 BeeBoty a BlueBoty jsou velmi obl\u00edben\u00e9 na 1. stupni a tomu tak\u00e9 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 jejich v\u00fdbava. Pro 2. stupe\u0148 se nehod\u00ed. Mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b zda\u0159il\u00e9 jsou pak roboty VEX 123 (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b \u0161koln\u00ed sada VEX 123 Classroom), kter\u00e9 lze d\u00edky jejich hardwarov\u00e9 a softwarov\u00e9 vybavenosti pou\u017e\u00edvat \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pro v\u00fduku informatiky od 4. do 9. ro\u010dn\u00edku. V\u011bt\u0161ina robotick\u00fdch stavebnic je pak ji\u017e pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e1 a jejich pou\u017eitelnost p\u0159i v\u00fduce je omezen\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd a \u017e\u00e1k\u016f (nap\u0159. p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed v paraleln\u00edch t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch se mus\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00fd po\u010det stavebnic nebo posunut\u00ed obsahu v\u00fduky na r\u016fzn\u00e1 obdob\u00ed)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Na ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u0161kole by se m\u011bly v sou\u010dasnosti polo\u017eit a\nzodpov\u011bd\u011bt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ot\u00e1zky:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. M\u00e1me dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed mobiln\u00ed techniky pro pln\u011bn\u00ed rozvoje digit\u00e1ln\u00edch kompetenc\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k\u016f (ide\u00e1ln\u011b jedna mobiln\u00ed  u\u010debna tablet\u016f  + 1 mobiln\u00ed u\u010debna notebook\u016f, chromebook\u016f pro 1.-5. ro\u010dn\u00edk a jedna mobiln\u00ed u\u010debna tablet\u016f + jedna mobiln\u00ed u\u010debna notebook\u016f, chromebook\u016f pro 6.-9. ro\u010dn\u00edk na jednu paralelku)?<\/li>
  2. M\u00e1me dostatek \u010dasu pro za\u0159azen\u00ed v\u00fduky informatiky s prvky robotiky?<\/li>
  3. M\u00e1me k dispozici dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00fdukov\u00fdch a metodick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f pro v\u00fduku robotiky v informatice?<\/li>
  4. Maj\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9 informatiky dostate\u010dn\u011b rozvinut\u00e9 kompetence informatick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed pro za\u0159azen\u00ed prvk\u016f robotiky do v\u00fduky informatiky?<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Pokud budou odpov\u011bdi na v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky v alespo\u0148\njednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b NE, je velmi \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed zv\u00e1\u017eit pot\u0159ebu a vhodnost n\u00e1kupu\nrobotick\u00fdch pom\u016fcek. Samotn\u00e1 atraktivita a l\u00edbivost robotick\u00fdch u\u010debn\u00edch pom\u016fcek\nnen\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00fd d\u016fvod k jejich po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b\nprvn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka \u2013 pokud na n\u00ed \u0161kola nem\u00e1 kladnou odpov\u011b\u010f, nem\u011bla by v\u016fbec zva\u017eovat\nn\u00e1kup jak\u00fdchkoliv nadstandardn\u00edch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch u\u010debn\u00edch pom\u016fcek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tak\u017ee robotika ANO, \u010di NE? Rozhodn\u011b ANO, ale a\u017e po d\u016fkladn\u00e9m zv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed stavu vybavenosti \u0161koly digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi u\u010debn\u00edmi pom\u016fckami s ohledem na rozvoj digit\u00e1ln\u00edch kompetenc\u00ed a rozlo\u017een\u00ed obsahu v\u00fduky informatiky dle revize RVP 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Autor: Milan \u0160atra<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Po\u010d\u00ednaje 1.9.2021 je v platnosti revidovan\u00fd r\u00e1mcov\u00fd vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed program pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci tohoto revidovan\u00e9ho dokumentu byl zru\u0161en dosavadn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed obor Informatika a v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed technika a vznikl nov\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt Informatika a k tomu nav\u00edc nov\u00e1 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 kompetence \u2013 Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed kompetence. Tzv. \u201enov\u00e1\u201c informatika m\u00e1 zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd obsah ne\u017e ta p\u016fvodn\u00ed v nerevidovan\u00e9m RVP ZV. Hlavn\u00edmi c\u00edli \u201enov\u00e9\u201c informatiky…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,18,7],"tags":[15,36,107,33,109],"class_list":["post-816","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sekce-1-stupen-zs","category-sekce-ict","category-sekce-matematiky-a-informatiky","tag-ict","tag-informaticka-gramotnost","tag-informaticke-mysleni","tag-informatika","tag-robotika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=816"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":819,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816\/revisions\/819"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=816"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=816"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}