{"id":167,"date":"2013-10-02T14:42:00","date_gmt":"2013-10-02T12:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/public.kvcso.cz\/?p=167"},"modified":"2020-03-29T14:44:57","modified_gmt":"2020-03-29T12:44:57","slug":"jak-zapojit-vyvoj-poznavani-vesmiru-do-vyuky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/?p=167","title":{"rendered":"Jak zapojit v\u00fdvoj pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru do v\u00fduky"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Zd\u00e1nliv\u011b \u00fazce specializovan\u00e9 t\u00e9ma v sob\u011b nese \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti mezip\u0159edm\u011btov\u00fdch vztah\u016f, po nich\u017e modern\u00ed \u0161kolstv\u00ed st\u00e1le vol\u00e1 a na n\u011b\u017e se v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m provozu st\u00e1le nedost\u00e1v\u00e1 prostoru. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, najde-li se pot\u0159ebn\u00fd \u010das \u010di domluv\u00ed-li se kolegov\u00e9 mezi sebou (skv\u011bl\u00e9 jsou projektov\u00e9 dny), tak se nab\u00edz\u00ed hned n\u011bkolik d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d vyu\u017e\u00edt pr\u00e1v\u011b toto t\u00e9ma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krom\u011b nazna\u010den\u00fdch mezip\u0159edm\u011btov\u00fdch vztah\u016f (propojen\u00ed d\u011bjepisu s fyzikou, astronomi\u00ed, matematikou, geografi\u00ed\u2026) je fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00e1m o sob\u011b v\u00fdvoj pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru.\u00a0 Jak si na\u0161i p\u0159edci postupn\u011b dok\u00e1zali uv\u011bdomovat, \u017ee d\u011bn\u00ed kolem nich m\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, \u017ee Zem\u011b m\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00fd tvar a \u017ee n\u011bkam pat\u0159\u00ed. Nebylo to jednoduch\u00e9 a cesta k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed byla dlouh\u00e1, klikat\u00e1 a slo\u017eit\u00e1. A pr\u00e1v\u011b ona slo\u017eitost s sebou nese dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fvod, nem\u00e9n\u011b fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed. Ono pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed je prov\u00e1zeno nejenom omyly, ale t\u00e9\u017e zlobou a ob\u011b\u0165mi a my jej m\u016f\u017eeme shrnout do teze o boji za pr\u00e1vo na svobodu v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a hlavn\u011b svobodn\u00e9 hl\u00e1s\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f a teori\u00ed. N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dky nab\u00edz\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed osnovu, jak uchopit toto nesm\u00edrn\u00e9 \u0161irok\u00e9 a komplexn\u00ed t\u00e9ma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tky pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

U\u017e prav\u011bc\u00ed lovci byli pochopiteln\u011b velice \u00fazce spojeni s p\u0159\u00edrodou, \u010di p\u0159esn\u011bji, byli jej\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. St\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed dne a noci, „pohyb“ slunce na obloze, st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00ed, toho v\u0161eho si v\u0161\u00edmali, v tom \u017eili a mo\u017en\u00e1 se to sna\u017eili i pochopit, vysv\u011btlit. Je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce na vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch cyklech byli z\u00e1visl\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blci, a tak nep\u0159ekvap\u00ed, \u017ee ona snaha o pochopen\u00ed se prom\u00edtla do m\u00fdt\u016f a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch p\u0159edstav. Naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina civilizac\u00ed na r\u016fzn\u00e9m stupni v\u00fdvoje vn\u00edmala nebesk\u00e9 objekty jako bo\u017esk\u00e9 bytosti, je\u017e ovl\u00e1daly jejich \u017eivot, osudy i \u010dinnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I vysp\u011bl\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u0161i bylo neodmysliteln\u011b spjato s p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi cykly. Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed pe\u010dliv\u011b pozorovali jednotliv\u00e9 objekty, vedli si o nich pozn\u00e1mky a tabulky, na jejich\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b byli schopni prov\u00e1d\u011bt v\u00fdpo\u010dty a sestavit prvn\u00ed kalend\u00e1\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed star\u00fdch Babyl\u00f3\u0148an\u016f \u010di Egyp\u0165an\u016f (abychom nez\u016fst\u00e1vali jen v „na\u0161em“ prostoru, tak tak\u00e9 Ind\u016f, \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u016f nebo May\u016f) byla precizn\u00ed, dlouhodob\u00e1 a hlavn\u011b pozd\u011bji poslou\u017eila jako z\u00e1klad t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed se jako prvn\u00ed sna\u017eili pochopit podstatu vesm\u00edru \u2013 \u0159eck\u00fdm filozof\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sta\u0159\u00ed \u0158ekov\u00e9, coby zakladatel\u00e9 mnoha v\u011bdeck\u00fdch discipl\u00edn, pot\u0159ebovali ve v\u0161em nal\u00e9zt smysl. Tak, jako v\u0161echny d\u011bje spole\u010densk\u00e9 i p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed m\u011bly m\u00edt sv\u016fj \u0159\u00e1d, tak sv\u016fj \u0159\u00e1d m\u011bl m\u00edt i vesm\u00edr. Ot\u00e1zka zn\u011bla: „Jak\u00fd?“<\/em> A oni si ji nejen dok\u00e1zali polo\u017eit, co\u017e samo o sob\u011b je nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, ale tak\u00e9 na ni hledali odpov\u011b\u010f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kosmografie v antick\u00e9m \u0158ecku<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ji\u017e v archaick\u00e9m obdob\u00ed \u0159eck\u00fdch d\u011bjin se vyvinuly dv\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 filozofick\u00e9 \u0161koly a z\u00e1rove\u0148 dv\u011b z\u00e1sadn\u00ed koncepce vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru \u2013 geocentrick\u00e1 a heliocentrick\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku t\u00e9 prvn\u00ed st\u00e1la \u0161kola v maloasijsk\u00e9m Mil\u00e9tu, je\u017e je spjata se jm\u00e9nem Th\u00e1les z Mil\u00e9tu, jeho\u017e sou\u010dasn\u00edk Anaximandros vytvo\u0159il z\u0159ejm\u011b prvn\u00ed kosmografick\u00fd obraz sv\u011bta, podle n\u011bho\u017e vid\u011bl universum jako dutou kouli, v jej\u00edm\u017e st\u0159edu se voln\u011b vzn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed Zem\u011b ve tvaru desky, co\u017e pozd\u011bji poopravil a p\u0159isoudil Zemi v\u00e1lcovit\u00fd tvar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druh\u00e1 \u0161kola vznikla v jihoitalsk\u00e9m Krot\u00f3nu okolo osoby P\u00fdthagora ze Samu, jeho\u017e \u017e\u00e1ci sami sebe ozna\u010dovali pythagorejci. Pr\u00e1v\u011b oni jako prvn\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvali slovo kosmos ve smyslu cel\u00e9ho pohledu na sv\u011bt. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jako prvn\u00ed do\u0161li k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee je Zem\u011b kulat\u00e1 a \u017ee se pohybuje po kruhov\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze. Na pythagorejce navazoval ve 3. stol. p\u0159. n. l. Aristarchos ze Samu, jen\u017e jako prvn\u00ed vypracoval heliocentrick\u00fd obraz sv\u011bta, za n\u011bj\u017e mu v\u0161ak hrozila \u017ealoba za bezbo\u017enost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To u\u017e toti\u017e zcela p\u0159evl\u00e1dl Aristotel\u016fv geocentrick\u00fd model, kter\u00fd p\u0159esn\u011b odpov\u00eddal antick\u00e9mu pojet\u00ed dokonalosti \u2013 kulat\u00e1 Zem\u011b st\u00e1la nehybn\u011b ve st\u0159edu dokonale kulat\u00e9ho kosmu a kolem n\u00ed se v dokonal\u00fdch kruhov\u00fdch drah\u00e1ch pohybovaly ostatn\u00ed planety, v\u010detn\u011b Slunce. Aristotelova logika se zd\u00e1la neot\u0159esiteln\u00e1, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e ji matematicky podpo\u0159il Klaudios Ptolemaios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vznik modern\u00ed kosmografie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Chaos ran\u00e9ho evropsk\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku mimo jin\u00e9 p\u0159inesl hlubok\u00fd \u00fapadek vzd\u011blanosti. Antickou v\u011bdu na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed z \u010d\u00e1sti zachr\u00e1nili Arabov\u00e9 a d\u00edky nim se s n\u00ed pozd\u011bji sezn\u00e1mili k\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed u\u010denci, kte\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1hy p\u0159ijali Aristotel\u016fv a Ptolemai\u016fv geocentrick\u00fd model jako jedno ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch u\u010den\u00ed c\u00edrkve, o n\u011bm\u017e se nepochybuje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u017e v 16. stolet\u00ed toto dogmatick\u00e9 pojet\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru zpochybnil Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Kopern\u00edk, kter\u00fd Zemi rozpohyboval a hlavn\u011b j\u00ed sebral jej\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed. Jeho heliocentrick\u00fd model vyvolal pochopiteln\u011b bou\u0159liv\u00e9 reakce. V roce 1616 bylo Kopern\u00edkovo d\u00edlo c\u00edrkv\u00ed d\u00e1no na index zak\u00e1zan\u00fdch knih a zast\u00e1nci heliocentrick\u00e9 teorie se vystavovali nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed. Osudy Giordana Bruna \u010di Galilea Galilei mluv\u00ed za v\u0161e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I tak se na\u0161li Kopern\u00edkovi zast\u00e1nci a pokra\u010dovatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee jeho teorie je spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 i p\u0159esto, \u017ee v n\u011b\u010dem se Kopern\u00edk m\u00fdlil. Nebyl je\u0161t\u011b schopen opustit dokonal\u00fd kruhov\u00fd pohyb. To dok\u00e1zal a\u017e Johannes Kepler, jen\u017e ve sv\u00e9m prvn\u00edm z\u00e1kon\u011b, vydan\u00e9m roku 1609 v Praze, stanovil, \u017ee: „Dr\u00e1hy planet jsou m\u00e1lo v\u00fdst\u0159edn\u00e9 elipsy, v jejich\u017e spole\u010dn\u00e9m ohnisku stoj\u00ed Slunce.“<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na jednu ot\u00e1zku v\u0161ak Kepler, i kdy\u017e byl prvn\u00ed, kdo si ji dok\u00e1zal polo\u017eit, odpov\u011b\u010f nenalezl. Tu\u0161il sice, \u017ee Slunce bude p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou pohybu planet, ale nedok\u00e1zal \u0159\u00edci, pro\u010d tomu tak je. Toto objasnil a\u017e v roce 1666 anglick\u00fd matematik, fyzik a astronom Isaac Newton, kdy\u017e definoval sv\u016fj gravita\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1kon. V\u011bda se za\u010dala vyma\u0148ovat ze zajet\u00ed dogmat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doporu\u010den\u00e1 literatura:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
  • J\u00c1CHIM, Franti\u0161ek: Jak vid\u011bli vesm\u00edr. Rubico, Olomouc 2003. ISBN 80-85839-48-2.<\/li>
  • KRAUS, Ivo: Fyzika od Thal\u00e9ta k Newtonovi. Academia, Praha 2007. ISBN 978-80-200-1540-2.<\/li>
  • Kronika techniky. Fortuna Print, Praha 1993.<\/li>
  • ROZHO\u0147, Vladim\u00edr: \u201eA p\u0159ece se to\u010d\u00ed!\u201c aneb Jak se utv\u00e1\u0159el obraz vesm\u00edru.<\/li>
  • In: Jana Kohnov\u00e1 a Barbora Holubov\u00e1 (eds.): Sborn\u00edk p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek XXV. Letn\u00ed \u0161koly historie. Univerzita Karlova v Praze 2013, ISBN 978-80-7290-633-8, s. 83 \u2013 96.<\/li>
  • \u0160TOLL, Ivan: D\u011bjiny fyziky. Prometheus, Praha 2009. ISBN 978-80-7196-375-2.<\/li>
  • VHITE, Michael: Antikrist Galileo. Aademia, Praha 2011. ISBN 978-80-200-1899-1.<\/li>
  • Internetov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky: http:\/\/converter.cz\/fyzici\/<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Autor: Vladim\u00edr Rozhon<\/strong> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Zd\u00e1nliv\u011b \u00fazce specializovan\u00e9 t\u00e9ma v sob\u011b nese \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti mezip\u0159edm\u011btov\u00fdch vztah\u016f, po nich\u017e modern\u00ed \u0161kolstv\u00ed st\u00e1le vol\u00e1 a na n\u011b\u017e se v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m provozu st\u00e1le nedost\u00e1v\u00e1 prostoru. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, najde-li se pot\u0159ebn\u00fd \u010das \u010di domluv\u00ed-li se kolegov\u00e9 mezi sebou (skv\u011bl\u00e9 jsou projektov\u00e9 dny), tak se nab\u00edz\u00ed hned n\u011bkolik d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d vyu\u017e\u00edt pr\u00e1v\u011b toto t\u00e9ma. Krom\u011b nazna\u010den\u00fdch…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,9],"tags":[55,44,62],"class_list":["post-167","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sekce-prirodovedna","category-sekce-spolecenskovedni","tag-dejepis","tag-fyzika","tag-vesmir"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/167","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=167"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/167\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":168,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/167\/revisions\/168"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=167"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=167"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=167"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}