{"id":147,"date":"2014-01-30T14:12:00","date_gmt":"2014-01-30T13:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/public.kvcso.cz\/?p=147"},"modified":"2020-03-29T14:16:15","modified_gmt":"2020-03-29T12:16:15","slug":"vyuka-elektriny-v-linuxu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/?p=147","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fduka elekt\u0159iny v Linuxu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Linux jako platforma pro v\u00fduku je sp\u00ed\u0161e o nad\u0161en\u00ed pedagog\u016f ne\u017e o dlouhodob\u00e9 strategii. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek ukazuje, \u017ee by tomu tak b\u00fdt nemuselo, sta\u010d\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt, jak na to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud \u0161kola nem\u00e1 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed pom\u016fcky nebo jich nem\u00e1 dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edt po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 programy modeluj\u00edc\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed jevy. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se budu zab\u00fdvat pou\u017eit\u00edm opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu Linux pro v\u00fduku elekt\u0159iny na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161kole a v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch ro\u010dn\u00edc\u00edch osmilet\u00fdch gymn\u00e1zi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pro\u010d Linux?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m Linux je&nbsp;<em>Open Source<\/em>. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee si jej m\u016f\u017ee nainstalovat do sv\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de ka\u017ed\u00fd zdarma, ani\u017e by se b\u00e1l, \u017ee poru\u0161uje licen\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1va. Dokonce ho sta\u010d\u00ed spou\u0161t\u011bt z DVD mechaniky nebo z USB disku. V druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b lze jednodu\u0161e ukl\u00e1dat i vlastn\u00ed data a instalovat dal\u0161\u00ed software. V Linuxu existuj\u00ed programy pro b\u011b\u017enou pr\u00e1ci, nap\u0159\u00edklad prohl\u00ed\u017ee\u010de Google Chrome nebo Mozilla Firefox, pop\u0159. kancel\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 aplikace OpenOffice a LibreOffice, a dal\u0161\u00ed ur\u010den\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u011b pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. O dvou&nbsp;<em>fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b<\/em>&nbsp;<em>zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch<\/em>&nbsp;si dnes n\u011bco \u0159ekneme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">GCompris<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Prvn\u00ed program, kter\u00fd zmi\u0148uji, je sou\u010d\u00e1st vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed sady&nbsp;<em>GCompris<\/em>. V n\u00ed je mnoho v\u00fdukov\u00fdch aktivit ur\u010den\u00fdch pro d\u011bti, pro z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed, rozvoj dovednost\u00ed a logiky. Jednou z nab\u00edzen\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed je jednoduch\u00fd simul\u00e1tor elektrick\u00e9ho obvodu, kter\u00fd je rozd\u011blen do t\u0159\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V prvn\u00ed \u00farovni<\/strong>&nbsp;je k dispozici zdroj stejnom\u011brn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1rovka, sp\u00edna\u010d a vodi\u010de. Tuto \u00farove\u0148 je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt pro zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed obvodu p\u0159i zapojen\u00ed v\u00edce spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u016f paraleln\u011b nebo s\u00e9riov\u011b. Po sepnut\u00ed obvodu se objev\u00ed hodnoty proudu a nap\u011bt\u00ed na spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u00edch. Do obvodu je mo\u017en\u00e9 zapojovat v\u00edce zdroj\u016f, a t\u00edm doc\u00edlit p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed a prasknut\u00ed \u017e\u00e1rovky. P\u0159i zapojen\u00ed v\u00edce \u017e\u00e1rovek za sebou je vid\u011bt pokles nap\u011bt\u00ed na jednotliv\u00fdch spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u00edch a i to, \u017ee se v nerozv\u011btven\u00e9m obvodu proud proch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed t\u011bmito spot\u0159ebi\u010di nem\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159i paraleln\u00edm zapojen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1rovek je vid\u011bt rozd\u011blen\u00ed proudu do jednotliv\u00fdch v\u011btv\u00ed p\u0159i stejn\u00e9m nap\u011bt\u00ed na spot\u0159ebi\u010d\u00edch. Pokud budeme v t\u00e9to \u00farovni p\u0159id\u00e1vat postupn\u011b zdroje zapojen\u00e9 do s\u00e9rie a t\u00edm zvy\u0161ovat nap\u011bt\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eeme odvodit z\u00e1vislost proudu na nap\u011bt\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9m obvodu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/metodik.kvcso.cz\/storage\/obrazky\/fyzlinux\/fyzlinuxa.jpg\" alt=\"Fyzika v Linuxu\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V druh\u00e9 \u00farovni<\/strong>&nbsp;jsou k dispozici zdroj stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1rovka, reostat, vyp\u00edna\u010d, p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010d a uzel. Zde je mo\u017en\u00e9 realizovat zapojen\u00ed reostatu jako d\u011bli\u010de nap\u011bt\u00ed i zapojen\u00ed pro zm\u011bnu proudu. Velikost odporu se m\u011bn\u00ed ta\u017een\u00edm za \u0161ed\u00fd obd\u00e9ln\u00edk uvnit\u0159 reostatu. Je zde tedy mo\u017en\u00e9 uk\u00e1zat, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zapojit \u017e\u00e1rovky na postupn\u00e9 stm\u00edvan\u00ed. D\u00e1le lze d\u00edky p\u0159\u00edtomnosti p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010de \u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9mov\u00e9 \u00falohy typu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Zapojte dva p\u0159ep\u00edna\u010de tak, aby p\u0159epnut\u00edm libovoln\u00e9ho z nich do\u0161lo ke zm\u011bn\u011b stavu svitu \u017e\u00e1rovky.<\/li><li>Zapojte obvod podle sch\u00e9matu a ur\u010dete kter\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1rovka bude sv\u00edtit.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/metodik.kvcso.cz\/storage\/obrazky\/fyzlinux\/fyzlinuxb.jpg\" alt=\"Fyzika v Linuxu\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ve t\u0159et\u00ed \u00farovni<\/strong>&nbsp;jsou k dispozici zdroj stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1rovka, reostat, rezistor, vyp\u00edna\u010d, uzel a dioda. Tato \u00farove\u0148 n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje zapojovat do obvodu rezistory m\u00edsto \u017e\u00e1rovek a sledovat, jak se m\u011bn\u00ed proud p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch zapojen\u00edch stejn\u00fdch rezistor\u016f. M\u016f\u017eeme uk\u00e1zat, jak funguje Ohm\u016fv z\u00e1kon v rozv\u011btven\u00fdch i nerozv\u011btven\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech obvodu. Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je zapojen\u00ed diody do obvodu jako n\u00e1zorn\u00e1 uk\u00e1zka, \u017ee p\u0159i p\u0159ep\u00f3lov\u00e1n\u00ed zdroje neprojde obvodem \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd proud. S \u017e\u00e1ky pak m\u016f\u017eeme diskutovat, kde by to \u0161lo vyu\u017e\u00edt u za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00fdch stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm. M\u016f\u017eeme zadat probl\u00e9movou \u00falohu:&nbsp;<em>zapoj obvod pomoc\u00ed diod tak, aby fungoval stejn\u011b (proud proch\u00e1zel stejn\u00fdm sm\u011brem) i p\u0159i oto\u010den\u00ed baterie<\/em>. V n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 diskuzi m\u016f\u017eeme polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zku, co se stane, kdy\u017e k takov\u00e9muto zapojen\u00ed p\u0159ipoj\u00edme st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/metodik.kvcso.cz\/storage\/obrazky\/fyzlinux\/fyzlinux7.jpg\" alt=\"Fyzika v Linuxu\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Program pro tvorbu elektrick\u00fdch obvod\u016f ze sady GCompris je u \u017e\u00e1k\u016f obl\u00edben. Nemaj\u00ed s jeho obsluhou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my a pom\u00e1h\u00e1 jim pochopit, jak funguj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky v elektrick\u00e9m obvodu. Pro u\u010ditele p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed mo\u017enost sestavovat s \u017e\u00e1ky elektrick\u00e1 zapojen\u00ed i v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy \u0161kola nen\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u011b vybavena \u017e\u00e1kovsk\u00fdmi soupravami na elekt\u0159inu nebo nem\u00e1 prost\u0159edky na n\u00e1kup zdroj\u016f elektrick\u00e9 energie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PhET Interactive Simulations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Druh\u00fdm programem je sou\u010d\u00e1st bal\u00edku skript\u016f&nbsp;<em>PhET Interactive Simulations<\/em>. Ten je ke sta\u017een\u00ed a m\u016f\u017eeme ho pou\u017e\u00edt na v\u0161ech po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed Javu a Flash. V sou\u010dasnosti se v sad\u011b objevuj\u00ed objekty napsan\u00e9 v jazyce HTML5. My se budeme zab\u00fdvat uk\u00e1zkou interakce mezi magnetick\u00fdm a elektrick\u00fdm polem s n\u00e1zvem&nbsp;<strong>Generator<\/strong>, kter\u00fd najdeme na adrese&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/phet.colorado.edu\/cs\/simulation\/generator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/phet.colorado.edu\/cs\/simulation\/generator<\/a>. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto programu je p\u011bt z\u00e1lo\u017eek, kter\u00e9 se daj\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt k pochopen\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 interakce magnetick\u00e9ho a elektrick\u00e9ho pole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Prvn\u00ed z\u00e1lo\u017eka<\/strong>&nbsp;ukazuje&nbsp;<em>magnetick\u00e9 pole ty\u010dov\u00e9ho magnetu<\/em>, zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed mal\u00fdch magnetek. M\u016f\u017eeme si zobrazit velk\u00fd kompas, a s jeho pomoc\u00ed ukazovat, jak se m\u011bn\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 pole p\u0159i pohybu okolo ty\u010dov\u00e9ho magnetu.&nbsp;<strong>Druh\u00e1 z\u00e1lo\u017eka<\/strong>&nbsp;umo\u017e\u0148uje zjistit, na \u010dem bude z\u00e1le\u017eet&nbsp;<em>velikost nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159i pohybu ty\u010dov\u00e9ho magnetu v okol\u00ed c\u00edvky<\/em>&nbsp;a p\u0159i zasunov\u00e1n\u00ed do n\u00ed. \u017d\u00e1ci zde mohou m\u011bnit po\u010det z\u00e1vit\u016f c\u00edvky, intenzitu magnetick\u00e9ho pole ty\u010dov\u00e9ho magnetu a plochu z\u00e1vitu.&nbsp;<strong>T\u0159et\u00ed z\u00e1lo\u017eka<\/strong>&nbsp;je&nbsp;<em>elektromagnet<\/em>. Zde m\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1k mo\u017enost zjistit, jak vypad\u00e1 magnetick\u00e9 pole kolem c\u00edvky, kterou proch\u00e1z\u00ed elektrick\u00fd proud. V prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi je elektromagnet zapojen na zdroj stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed, a m\u016f\u017eeme m\u011bnit nap\u011bt\u00ed na zdroji nebo po\u010det z\u00e1vit\u016f. Zm\u011bna intenzity magnetick\u00e9ho pole je d\u00e1na zesv\u011btlen\u00edm nebo ztmavnut\u00edm magnetek zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch magnetick\u00e9 pole. Ve druh\u00e9 f\u00e1zi m\u016f\u017ee \u017e\u00e1k vyzkou\u0161et, jak to vypad\u00e1, kdy\u017e c\u00edvku p\u0159ipoj\u00edme ke zdroji st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed.&nbsp;<strong>\u010ctvrt\u00e1 z\u00e1lo\u017eka<\/strong>&nbsp;zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje&nbsp;<em>transform\u00e1tor<\/em>. K vyzkou\u0161en\u00ed pro \u017e\u00e1ky jsou dv\u011b c\u00edvky, u kter\u00fdch jde m\u011bnit po\u010det z\u00e1vit\u016f. Na prim\u00e1rn\u00ed c\u00edvce se d\u00e1 zapojit stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 i st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, a \u017e\u00e1ci se mohou pokusit se stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm rozsv\u00edtit \u017e\u00e1rovku. Mus\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edt na to, \u017ee c\u00edvkou mus\u00ed pohybovat nebo zap\u00ednat a vyp\u00ednat zdroj (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b ho p\u0159ep\u00f3lovat). U st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed mohou \u017e\u00e1ci zjistit, na \u010dem z\u00e1vis\u00ed velikost indukovan\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Posledn\u00ed&nbsp;<strong>p\u00e1t\u00e1 z\u00e1lo\u017eka<\/strong>&nbsp;se naz\u00fdv\u00e1&nbsp;<em>gener\u00e1tor<\/em>. Tato z\u00e1lo\u017eka p\u0159edstavuje model altern\u00e1toru s mo\u017enost\u00ed pozorovat, na \u010dem z\u00e1vis\u00ed velikost indukovan\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/metodik.kvcso.cz\/storage\/obrazky\/fyzlinux\/fyzlinuxc.jpg\" alt=\"Fyzika v Linuxu\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00e1ce s t\u011bmito programy se mi osv\u011bd\u010dila. P\u0159i v\u00fdkladu s pomoc\u00ed projektoru jsou \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm jasn\u00e1 zapojen\u00ed a tak snadn\u011bji pochop\u00ed principy. Do \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mov\u00fdch \u00faloh s vyu\u017eit\u00edm v\u00fdukov\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed se p\u0159idali i \u017e\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i hodin\u00e1ch neb\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 aktivn\u00ed. Programy se daj\u00ed s \u00fasp\u011bchem pou\u017e\u00edt i p\u0159i z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9m opakov\u00e1n\u00ed v 9.\u00a0ro\u010dn\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Autor: Miroslav Kuci\u00e1n<\/strong> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Linux jako platforma pro v\u00fduku je sp\u00ed\u0161e o nad\u0161en\u00ed pedagog\u016f ne\u017e o dlouhodob\u00e9 strategii. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek ukazuje, \u017ee by tomu tak b\u00fdt nemuselo, sta\u010d\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt, jak na to. Pokud \u0161kola nem\u00e1 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed pom\u016fcky nebo jich nem\u00e1 dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edt po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 programy modeluj\u00edc\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed jevy. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se budu zab\u00fdvat pou\u017eit\u00edm opera\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu Linux&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,8],"tags":[49,44,48,19],"class_list":["post-147","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sekce-ict","category-sekce-prirodovedna","tag-elektro","tag-fyzika","tag-linux","tag-open-source"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/147","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=147"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/147\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":149,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/147\/revisions\/149"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=147"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=147"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ucitel.kvcso.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}